Should Same Sex Marriage Be Legal - 968 Words

The Definition of Family What is your definition to the term ‘family?’ The answer to that question varies depending on whom you ask, and everyone seems to have his or her own idea of it. Just this year, same-sex marriage was finally recognized in Alabama – one of the most conservative, southern states that you could possibly drive into. The whole idea of homosexuality regarding important topics such as marriage, psychological health, and parenting have been called into question to scientifically define what the term family should mean. Just to be clear, this topic sparks a grand amount of opinion, and opinion can easily be shut down by facts and relative research. First and foremost, majority of the individuals that are opposed to same-sex marriage are usually just as opposed to same-sex couples raising children (whether or not these children of homosexual parents grow up to be heterosexual or homosexual). These individuals will typically argue that children raised by same-sex parents will suffer psychologically and will grow up to be anxiety ridden, depressed adults with the inability to identify with a sexual orientation. Upon further research, one will find that a child being raised by same sex parents or a homosexual parent has very little influence on the child’s well being (Golombok, Perry, Burston, Murray, Mooney-Somers, Stevens, and Golding, 2003, p. 2). According to Wainright, Russell, and Patterson’s (2004) research on children raised by lesbian mothers, theyShow MoreRelatedSame Sex Marriage Should Be Legal1288 Words   |  6 Pages Marriage is not precisely the same as it used to be interpreted. For example, women used to be their husband’s property. Sometimes the women were forced to marry whoever their parents wanted them to marry and most of the time they couldn’t leave the marriage. Nowadays women have more freedom. They can vote, they can run their own business, and they can marry whichever man they want to. The laws change as the people’s mind change. As they get more comfortable with the idea, they become more openRead MoreSame Sex Marriage Should Be Legal Essay1475 Words   |  6 PagesSame sex relationships relate to when a man or woman are attracted to someone of the same gender of themselves. It is being rejected as same gender marriage denies the obvious purpose between a man and a women which is procreation (Richardson-Self, 2012). Denying same sex couples the legal right to get married, could mean that they are being denied their basic human rights to enjoy human benefits (Richardson-Self, 2012). However, the opposing view is that if gay marriage was granted the legal rightsRead MoreSame Sex Marriage Should Be Legal1403 Words   |  6 PagesSame-Sex Marriage â€Å"I now pronounce you†¦Ã¢â‚¬  At some point in a person’s life, they have heard or will hear those words. What follows, however, has changed somewhat over the years; although, the commitment has remained the same. Those words historically indicate that until the death of a spouse, that couple shall remain together. Who should be able to determine whom that spouse is for that person? Some people judge others for their sexuality and how it is affecting them, but they never stop andRead MoreSame Sex Marriage Should Be Legal1144 Words   |  5 PagesGay Marriage There are many issues the revolve around same-sex marriage. Many issues like: Whether same-sex should be legalized and should there be an amendment on same-sex marriage? There are multiple side to view this, but gay marriage but in my opinion gay marriage is socially accepted. it should be legal and it does affect American teens in a broad spectrum of ways. There have been a lot of issues on whether or not same-sex marriage should be legal or not. According to Burns, â€Å" The unionRead MoreSame Sex Marriage Should Be Legal998 Words   |  4 PagesSame sex marriage ought to be legalized on the grounds that it is uncivilized and unmerited. Marriage is a commitment between two people that cherish one another. In almost every country and culture, marriage is a commitment of loyalty and love. Marriage is an authority contract gathering two individuals together, furnishing them with profits of holy matrimony such as tax cuts and clinical privileges. The debate throughout most countries today is whether or not the rights of these profits and commitmentsRead MoreSame Sex Marriage Should Be Legal1659 Words   |  7 Pages Same-sex couples can hardly remember a time where they were not fighting for their right to marriage in the United States. After several court cases, California Proposition Six, and their struggle against the Defens e of Marriage Act (DOMA), same-sex couples found their way into U.S. society. Many misguided studies appealed to those opposing same-sex marriage, but after several years of integrating in society, same-sex couples found the support they were looking for. Before the Supreme CourtRead MoreSame Sex Marriage Should Be Legal899 Words   |  4 Pages In the United States, same sex marriage became legal nationwide on June 26, 2015, when the United States Supreme Court overruled the court in favor of same sex freedom and marriage. The victory of same sex marriage came to be recognized from the Obergefell v. Hodges case which was submitted when an American Ohio man was denied and regretted to get his name on his late husband’s death certificate. Same sex marriage has been a controversial social issue in the United States for several decades. SinceRead MoreSame Sex Marriage Should Be Legal1491 Words   |  6 PagesSame sex marriage is one of the most debatable issues in the modern world. Marriage has been accepted as the social union between a man and a woman for the past thousand years. Homosexuality was viewed with scorn, and marriages among same sex couples were prohibited in most cultures across the globe. However, gay relationships are slowly obtaining acceptance, as homosexuals have come to be expressive in fighting their rights to marry in the early 90’s. As homosexuality grows in acceptance in theRead MoreSame Sex Marriage Should Be Legal892 Words   |  4 PagesLove Same sex marriage is now allowed in all states across the country. But it took years and years for this â€Å"issue† to be finally laid to rest. The first state to legalize same-sex marriage was Massachusetts in 2004. There was not a last state to legalize gay marriage. The supreme court realized how many states were now legalizing it, so they just had all of the states left legalize it as well. ProCon.org supplies information that â€Å"Twenty-six states were forced to legalize gay marriage becauseRead MoreSame Sex Marriage Should Be Legal2253 Words   |  10 Pages1776). The recognition of same-sex marriage is an issue influenced by numerous factors, and debates continue to arise over whether people in same-sex relationships have the right to marriage. Marriage provides many benefits, legally, financially, and personally. Same-sex marriage can open up those in same-sex relationships to tax benefits and financial demands comparable to those afforded to and required of peo ple in opposite-sex marriages. Same-sex marriage also gives them legal protections, such as

ISO 14001 The Impact Essay - 1721 Words

Sustainability Whether an organization is domestic or international they have social responsibilities to the communities they operate within and to the shielding of the world. Caterpillar, Inc. is one such company that puts social responsibility at the top of their priorities. They have an abundance of engineers and technologists working on solutions to improve on sustainability. According to the 2012 Sustainability Report (2012), â€Å"at Caterpillar, we always ask ourselves, ‘What do our customers need? What does the world need?’ World Resources Institute (WRI) asks those same questions about the communities it serves, and truly delivers some amazing results† (p. 19). Caterpillar’s Chairman and CEO, Doug Oberhelman is a member of the†¦show more content†¦89). The article describes in detail the challenges organizations tussle with in implementing this standard. The ISO 14001:1996 implementation process is extremely lengthy and organizational culture plays an important role. As indicated by Wallace, â€Å"an organizational culture is agreed as a distinction of the day-to-day environment as seen and felt by those who work there† (as cited by Balzarova et al., 2006, p. 90). The first organization, based in the North West of England, which the authors performed a case study on was a manufacturer of brass and steel fabricated components. In the last few years, the organization had seen a loss in their profit margin which has forced them to rethink their strategy within the market they operate in. In order to make change, they took on the philosophies of world class manufacturing and to form on highly skilled work force (Balzarova et al., 2006). At this point, upper management also believed the ISO 14001:1996 was in the need of re-implementation because the company had lost certification. Certification was lost due to inadequate pre servation and the absence of commitment (Balzarova et al., 2006). In order to be successful in the re-implementation, the organization had a detailed plan with milestones and individual responsibilities. They did obtain certification but there isShow MoreRelatedThe Impact Of Iso 14001 On Asian Firms5604 Words   |  23 PagesTHE IMPACT OF ISO 14001 ON ASIAN FIRMS 1, Challenging World of Business in Asia Firms in developed countries have been faced with increasing amounts of pressure to manage and evaluate the impact of their activities on environment as the impacts went well beyond local and regional levels since around the 1970s. Following the developed countries, the same concern has become increasingly obvious in Asia as most of Asian industries have been developed through the export driven style economy and thisRead MoreStrengths and the Weaknesses of Environmental Management System804 Words   |  3 Pagesconsumer’s social expectation of businesses and government set to tighten regulation have urged environmental management. Environmental Management Systems (EMSs) are strategic management tools that outline the way an organization will address its impacts on the natural environment (Feng et al. 2014, 2901). One business main activities including day-to-day operations, long-term planning as well as other quality management systems have incorporate with environmental mana gement function in an EMS (AustralianRead MoreA Brief Note On The European Union s Ems Standards Essay1904 Words   |  8 Pages(EMAS) and ISO 14000 whereby BS 7750 is referred as the first EMS that published in 1992, finalized in 1996 and as the basis for the other two standards (Cheremisinoff Haddadin, 2006). EMAS is the European Union’s EMS standard that first introduced in July 1993 with the objective of â€Å"promote a harmonious and balanced of develop economic activities by having the commitment from organization and continuously improve their environmental performance† (European Commision, March 4, 2015). Lastly, ISO 14000Read MoreEnvironmental Management Systems And Principles1473 Words   |  6 Pagesnecessary guidance for companies to reduce their impacts on the environment. Environmental Management is not only being applied by the United States (US) regions, but along all countries within the world. Within few decades, other approaches such as social res ponsibility and sustainable development have arisen. According to ISO 26000:2010 Guidance on Social Responsibility: Social responsibility is the responsibility of an organization for the impacts of its decisions and activities on society and theRead MoreImplementing Environmental Aspects Into Business Operations And Product Standards1465 Words   |  6 Pagesto incorporate environmental aspects into business operations and product standards. This series is the ISO 14000. The main goal for the ISO 14000 is to minimize harmful effects on the environment due to the activities performed by a corporation and to improve its environmental performance. Some benefits from the ISO 14000 include: 1) Cost reduction and increased efficiency aspects of the ISO standards. 2) Pollution prevention and waste reduction opportunities 3) Reduction in consumption of energyRead MoreEnergy and Environment1095 Words   |  5 PagesMarital Status: Single Passport No: G-2237865 |Field of Interest | Environnent Management, Environnent Monitoring, ISO-14001 :2008, ISO 9001 :2008, Waste Management, Environnent (PCB), AERB(DoAE) and BEE (MoP) Complaisance. CSR, |Academic Qualifications | Read MoreGranite And Construction Of Granite1405 Words   |  6 Pagesof granite in the streetscape is primarily in the form of kerbstones that act as a barrier between paving and road surfaces. Granite kerbs are selected for use because of their durability and also for their aesthetic qualities. The environmental impacts of obtaining granite are those related to quarrying and the emissions from transporting a heavy material. Granite is no longer able to be sourced from the UK in significant quantities for commercial production. Most Granite kerb suppliers importRead MoreCoca Cola Green Initiatives1032 Words   |  5 Pagescompany has changed the materials used in production. In the Philippines the company has rolled out Ultra Glass which has reduced the use of glass materials by 20%. Ultra glass was introduced in 2000 by Coca Cola, the bottle is designed to improve impact resistance, and reduce weight and cost. The materials are 40% stronger, 20% lighter and 10% less expensive than traditional bottles. The company is investing in recycling programs. Currently Coca Cola recovers approximately 36% of materials sentRead MoreThe Top Management Of Waste Management Essay1410 Words   |  6 Pagespriorities for environmental sustainability strategy. Waste management entails a responsible operation toward the environment and thus ISO certification. The ISO 14001 Environment Management System (EMS) standard is geared to the management of the immediate and long term environmental impacts of an organization’s processes, services, and products. Under the ISO 14001 framework for environmental management best practice, organizations improve their business sustainably; comply with the appropriate environmentalRead MoreIso Standards and Tqm4413 Words   |  18 PagesFOCUS ON TQM, EQM AND ISO INTRODUCTION Environment may be broadly understood to mean our surroundings. It can be divided into non-living and living components. The Environment provides resources which support life on the earth and which also help in the growth of a relationship of interchange between living organisms and the environment in which they live. ISO †¢ What? ISO (International Organization for Standardization) is the world s largest developer and publisher of International

Molecular Taxonomic Tools Estimates †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Molecular Taxonomic Tools Estimates. Answer: Introduction: In the prospective study, the following research question was prepared: Will vegetation decrease when there is an increase in altitude caused by a decrease in temperature? The research location chosen for the study was the Tongario Alpine Crossing environment. In order to address the research question certain measures were employed to carry out the research methodology in a satisfactory manner. Field techniques such as that of vegetation survey, topographic survey were utilized to derive suitable information in the context. The types and differences in vegetation was noted by vegetation survey as part of the environmental monitoring. The topographic survey was further aimed to identify and map the contours of the ground in addition to the knowledge regarding the features and elevations of the land (Landon, 2014). The global positioning system (GPS) in conjunction with the geographic information system (GIS) was applied as well for accurate assessment of the chosen location (Kitamura et al., 2013). The air temperature was noted in the study by virtue of employing the psychrometer device where the dry bulb temperature along with the wet bulb temperature. Information regarding the relative humidity and the ambient temperature was provided by the psychrometer set up (Callahan, 2015). Further barometric altimeter through measurement of the air pressure determined the altitude of a place that is reflected by the distance of a point above the sea level. The windmill anemometer device was used to measure the speed of the wind as well as the direction of the wind by means of the wind vane attached as part of the instrument (Debnath et al., 2016). Further, the slope aspect that related to the direction that the slope faces was determined by means of the clinometer device. The angle of tilt, elevation or depression of the place with respect to the gravity was noted as part of the observatory data (Tokuoka Hashigoe, 2015). Thus, all the data collected in course of the stu dy was collected by collective efforts with each member of the group documenting the observations pertaining to a specific parameter on a rotational basis. Collection And Recording Of Data: In the given study, primary data was collected from the site of location in the Tongario Alpine Crossing situated in New Zealand. Based on the research topic, a vast array of data was collected from the site to address the research objective in an appropriate manner. Vital information regarding the site location, time of data collection, altitude measurement, air temperature, wind speed, wind direction and slope aspect was procured by adopting definite field techniques in the context of geographical research study. Valid observations, reliable measurements alongside photographing, surveying, utilizing questionnaires, interviewing, accessing secondary resources were performed following suitable conventions to undertake the study in an effective way. Questionnaires were prepared for conducting the interview session with the local inhabitants for the purpose of retrieving adequate information regarding the local vegetation and climate. Further information pertinent to the research topic was derived from secondary sources by referring to the web based research articles that are available from relevant databases via appropriate journals. While collecting secondary sources of information, emphasis was laid upon collecting recent data and the information for the past twenty years was chosen for incorporation in the study. The literature sources that did not meet the inclusion criteria were excluded from the study by means of adopting appropriate research strategy. Date Weather Conditions Site Time Altitude Temperature Wind Speed Wind Direction Slope Aspect (AM / PM) (m) (C) (km.hr-1) Western Slope (Bottom) 8:40 AM 1192.99 9 Western Slope (Middle) 10:10 AM 1570.26 8 Western Slope (Top) 11:42 AM 1648.64 8 Northern Slope 01:05 PM 1695 15 Date Weather Conditions Site Time Altitude Temperature Wind Speed Wind Direction Slope Aspect (AM / PM) (m) (C) (km.hr-1) Mountain Peak 11:40 AM 1696 8 Mountain Peak 11: 40 AM 1837 9 Presentation and analysis: The vegetation and the growth and survival of it depend heavily on the climate conditions and water availability. Studies suggest that in the higher altitudes the dropping temperature and the decreasing availability of the water and other soil nutrients rapidly decrease the vegetation diversity (Efford et al., 2014). The purpose behind the assignment had been to discover whether the decrease in temperature brought about by gradual increase in the altitude decreased the vegetation diversity significantly. In this context the temperature drop with accordance to the increase in the altitude has been discussed in the data sheet. For this assignment the western slope, northern slope and the mountain peak was selected as the subject venue for the vegetation survey. The vegetation that is generally prevalent in the Tongariro alpine crossing situated in the New Zealand area include the alpine plants, mountain beech forests and delicate flowering plants orchids, mistletoe and sundew. These plants in this area are generally are the landmark flora and have unique characteristics of adapting to the temperate zone, and are characteristics of this region. The average temperature of this region ranges from 13 to 15C and this colder climate encourages the growth of these temperate plants. In the western slopes within the altitude range of 1000 to 1500 m, where the temperature ranged from 8 to 9 C epiphytic ferns, orchids and fungi grow along with some deciduous plants. The magnificent height of these deciduous plants give them leverage for the lack of sunlight, the canopy is much higher than average to compete for the availability of sunlight (Holzman, Rivas Piccolo, 2014). As the altitude crosses the threshold of 1500 m, pauhatea trees and beech forests were found to expand a vast land, red, silver and mountain beech were prevalently found. The northern slopes however had surveyed altitudes higher than 1500 m and the temperature in 1 in the noon was 15 C which is considerably warmer than the western slope. The northern slopes had the vegetation variety of trussock shrubland and trussock grasses. The mountain peak however is stony and gravelly with very less soil content. The altitude surveyed was 1600 to 1800m and the temperature was close to 8 C, the vegetation was very scanty in the region and was highly unfavorable for any growth however plants like mountain snowberry, snow totara, bristle trussock and bluegrass (Holzman, Rivas Piccolo, 2014). Conclusion: On a concluding note, it can be said that the vegetation of the Alpine altitudes studied changed gradually with increasing altitude and decreasing temperature. For example in the western slopes within the range of 1000 to 1500 meters the vegetation was basically epiphytic ferns and orchids and deciduous plants were found. In this context the temperate deciduous plants are more adapt with dryer climate conditions. It has to be considered that with the elevation in the altitude, other substantial factors like wind flow, humidity and soil characteristics play a significant role in it. With the dryer climate deciduous and epiphytic ferns that have an annual reproductive cycle are more suitable for survival. Along with that the height of these temperate trees gives them leverage in the competition in attaining sunlight, and as the epiphytic ferns require shady colder climate with moist soil, they grow abundantly in the western slopes (Liu, Liu Shao, 2014). In the northern slopes the altitude surveyed was up to and beyond 1500 meters with the temperature much warmer at 13 to 15 C, where the prevalence of beech forests and trussock shrubs were found. In the comparatively warmer temperatures these pants are more prone to grow. Shrubs and grasses grow more effectively in milder temperatures and are found to be dominating the slightly warmer northern slope. In case of mountain peak however we could find a sudden drop to the temperature for the significant increase in the temperature. In the altitude of more up to and beyond 1800 the temperature of lower than 8 C, the vegetation was found to be very scanty. A contributing factor to this can be the dominance of stony and gravelly soil there is very less chances of plants growing. However the snow covered surface will prevent the growth of usual temperate flora further, hence the growth of mountain snowberry and snow totara was found as they can thrive in such colder and adverse conditions (Or han, Ekercin Celik, 2014). From the data collected it is clear that the vegetation decreased with the change in temperature and the diversity of the vegetation changed as well with the increasing altitude and growingly colder and dryer climate. Hence the research question was found to be true that the vegetation decreases with increasing temperature and declining temperature plays a profound role in it but oter confounding actors such as humidity, air and soil chemistry also are important factors (Pauli, Gottfried Grabherr, 2014). Geographic ideas: The two geographic ideas that has been opted out for the assignment are distance and location. In this assignment the exploratory research study has been on the decrasing vegetation in accordance with the increasing altitude and resultant decrease in temperature. It has to be understood that the distance that is relevant to this topic is the distance from sea level, otherwise known as altitude. Altitude has a profound effect on the change in growth patterns of not only the flora but also the habitation of the fauna (Shen et al., 2014). As the distance from the sea level increases the climate condition as a whole continues to change, where in sea level the plants are neumatophoric and water dwelling in the plains the vegetation is diverse with the availability of all kinds of angiosperms. With more increase in the distance from sea level, the vegetation changes from angiosperms to gymnosperms, fungi, bryophytes and algae (Szczypta et al., 2015). As the distance from sea level approach the peak, vegetation gradually decreases with availability of certain cold favoring ferns and bryophytes that can survive in dryer and colder climates, this change in diversity has been highlighted in the assignment. The second idea opted out has been location which also has an impact on the vegetation diversity of a region. For example in the tropical regions the vegetation is more dominated by the members of Palmae family and heat loving angiosperms, whereas in the temperate regions the vegetation is dominated by epiphytic ferns, deciduous and cone shaped gymnosperms, mosses an bryophytes. In this case the assignment focused on the alpine temperate location where the climate is colder and moist in most cases and dry in extremely higher altitudes. The vegetation in alpine regions are dominated by deciduous gymnosperms with magnificent height, epiphytic annual ferns, beeches, shrubs and snowberries (Thompson Newmaster, 2014). The change and gradual decrease in the vegetation unique of temperate regions has been excellently depicted I the assignment. Evaluation: On a concluding note it can be said that the data collected has been adequate for deriving the conclusion. The data that has been collected could provide valuable details of the altitude and the temperature drop according to it and how both factors played a crucial role in the changing diversity in the vegetation that the area exhibited. It has to be understood that the data could clearly depict the vegetation decreasing substantially and the becoming conspicuously scanty in the mountain pea where the altitude is the highest and temperature the lowest. However, different studies have pointed out at the role of other confounding factors like wind, water availability, humidity and soil chemistry on the flora diversity of a particular altitude. This information could not be collected in the assignment due to some restrictions and hence these information could not be analyzed. The research project was planned properly using tools such as global positioning system and topographic survey technique has been utilized to scan the vegetation. The data collection tools such as survey tools, vegetation survey technique and topographic measurement tool gave an accurate results about the vegetation of the selected altitudes. It can be concluded that the data recording and analysis techniques were successful however the air pressure, wind flow, humidity and water availability has been neglected which is the only limitation of the study, the rest of the study was absolutely valid and genuine (Williamson, 2015). References: Bangen, S. G., Wheaton, J. M., Bouwes, N., Bouwes, B., Jordan, C. (2014). A methodological intercomparison of topographic survey techniques for characterizing wadeable streams and rivers.Geomorphology,206, 343-361. Callahan, C. W. (2015).U.S. Patent Application No. 14/841,515. De Keersmaecker, W., Lhermitte, S., Tits, L., Honnay, O., Coppin, P., Somers, B. (2015). Quantifying vegetation resistance and resilience against climate anomalies and their relation with vegetation cover. Debnath, S. B. C., Barua, B., Karim, R., Faisal, M. U. (2016). Design implementation of an efficient windmill anemometer for wind speed measurement using microcontroller. InElectrical Engineering and Information Communication Technology (ICEEICT), 2016 3rd International Conference on(pp. 1-5). IEEE. Efford, J. T., Bylsma, R. J., Clarkson, B. D., Pittari, A., Mauriohooho, K., Moon, V. G. (2014). Vegetation dieback as a proxy for temperature within a wet pyroclastic density current: A novel experiment and observations from the 6th of August 2012 Tongariro eruption.Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research,286, 367-372. Garcs-Pastor, S., Caellas-Bolt, N., Clavaguera, A., Calero, M. A., Vegas-Vilarrbia, T. (2017). Vegetation shifts, human impact and peat bog development in Bassa Nera pond (Central Pyrenees) during the last millennium.The Holocene,27(4), 553-565. Holzman, M. E., Rivas, R., Piccolo, M. C. (2014). Estimating soil moisture and the relationship with crop yield using surface temperature and vegetation index.International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation,28, 181-192. Kitamura, A., Fujiwara, K., Yoshikawa, H., Gomi, K. (2013). Development of utility for on-site recording of dose rate and program for data accumulation, mapping and management using GPS and GIS (DRaMM-GiGs).Genshiryoku Bakkuendo Kenkyu,20(1), 15-19. Landon, J. R. (2014).Booker tropical soil manual: a handbook for soil survey and agricultural land evaluation in the tropics and subtropics. Routledge. Liu, Z. J., Liu, J. Y., Shao, Q. Q. (2014). Optimum temperature of vegetation growth for various land cover types in China.Journal of Geo-information Science,16(1), 1-7. Orhan, O., Ekercin, S., Celik, F. (2014). Use of Landsat Land Surface Temperature and Vegetation Indices for Monitoring Drought in the Salt Lake Basin Area.Turkey. Th. Scien World Jour,1, 1-11. Pauli, H., Gottfried, M., Grabherr, G. (2014). Effects of climate change on the alpine and nival vegetation of the Alps.Journal of mountain ecology,7. Shen, M., Zhang, G., Cong, N., Wang, S., Kong, W., Piao, S. (2014). Increasing altitudinal gradient of spring vegetation phenology during the last decade on the QinghaiTibetan Plateau.Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,189, 71-80. Szczypta, C., Gascoin, S., Houet, T., Hagolle, O., Dejoux, J. F., Vigneau, C., Fanise, P. (2015). Impact of climate and land cover changes on snow cover in a small Pyrenean catchment.Journal of Hydrology,521, 84-99. Thompson, K. A., Newmaster, S. G. (2014). Molecular taxonomic tools provide more accurate estimates of species richness at less cost than traditional morphology-based taxonomic practices in a vegetation survey.Biodiversity and conservation,23(6), 1411-1424. Tokuoka, Y., Hashigoe, K. (2015). Effects of stone-walled terracing and historical forest disturbances on revegetation processes after the abandonment of mountain slope uses on the Yura Peninsula, southwestern Japan.Journal of forest research,20(1), 24-34. Williamson, S. N. (2015).Elevation dependent landscape processes in rapidly warming sub-Arctic mountains: influences of snow, temperature and vegetation(Doctoral dissertation, University of Alberta).

Titanic Essay- the techniques used by James Cameron Essay Example

Titanic Essay- the techniques used by James Cameron Paper For this film to be a success, James Cameron, the director had to modernise it. He had to include all the aspects of a hit film, along with the attraction towards a wide audience. This he achieved by incorporating the well-known story of the unsinkable ship with the new and hottest stars. In theory the older generation was intrigued to see how Cameron interpreted the story, and the younger generation wanted to see the latest actors. The directors objective was to produce a film, based on the true story that would appeal to all age groups, particularly the younger generation. So Cameron used Leonardo DiCaprio to play the role of Jack, a young American living life as it comes making his own luck. He chose Leo to play this part because he was the latest heartthrob of teenaged girls across the nations and would there fore attract a vast majority of the targeted audience, for the male population, Kate Winslet the girl next door was cast as the young, fresh and rich Rose. The combination of the two up and coming stars was a sure hit teamed with the theme of love. Strength and skills they had acquired during previous roles made the actors work well together to produce a convincing and moving relationship. However the story needed to keep the realism of the true event which took place in 1912 yet have enough action, excitement and romance to keep the target audience interested for the record three and a half hour film. The director achieved this by using many different techniques of lighting, sound effects and camera angles. We will write a custom essay sample on Titanic Essay- the techniques used by James Cameron specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Titanic Essay- the techniques used by James Cameron specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Titanic Essay- the techniques used by James Cameron specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer By using many dramatic camera angles it is possible to involve the viewer in the scene as opposed to watching the film from a cinematic perspective. You are instantly drawn in to the scenery with the technique of panning. This is a wide shot of the scene, which slowly moves on a fixed point to allow the viewer to see the full atmosphere and action occurring around that point. Using different camera angles helps to create the affect of where the actor/ actress is. For example, to establish the background behind a character, a long shot is appropriate. This was used in such a scene as the opening view of the ship, because Cameron wanted to convey the true size of the masterpiece. However to get the most dramatic effect of action, a wide angle shot would work better because this will focus on the characters, and the mood of their surroundings. This was used when Jack is seen playing cards in the bar on the dockhands, with titanic visible through the window. Denotation and Conotation were also used to show the symbolism of the images, and what they suggest. The way in which Cameron managed to persuade the audience that they were within the scene, added emotion and realism to the production, concentrating on a particular subject at each time as not to lose the attention of the viewers. The use of romantic, slow calming music allowed the viewer to unknowingly become emotionally involved in the scenes. This, combined with the techniques used on the camera angles and the stunning computer graphics, made the whole film come together. Cameron kept an element of truth in the story by using Rose who was a real survivor from the sinking ship, but put the fire in to it by introducing a fictional character her lover, Jack. The shots and camera angles used presented a good example of denotation, conotation, wide angle and long shots. A long shot was used when Rose is in immense confusion about her life and decides to try and end it by jumping off the back of the ship one evening. The camera shot used to open this scene was a wide shot of Rose running away from the banquet at which she had been in an argument with her fianci. To show the full size of the ship Cameron used a panning wide angle shot. This is most effective because as the shot zooms in to where rose is situated on the half a mile long boat, you begin to grasp the vast size of the vessel in comparison with the tiny figure. As we follow Rose running from the middle of the ship, up and down stairs until she reaches the bow, and comes to an abrupt halt against railings, here a close up view of her is used to show how upset and out of breath she is which relates her to the audience because we understand her pain, emotionally and physically. As Rose decides what to do, we see through her perspective as she looks at the railings on the bow of the ship. Slow sad Irish music plays softly in the background, adding real empathy to her character. When Rose is hanging off the back of the ship, a close shot is again used from the perspective of Rose looking up at jacks face. This is used to show the strength and effort that Jack is putting into pulling Rose over the edge on to the safety of the decks. A similar camera angle is used from Jacks perspective, this time to show the fear and anguish in Roses face and the ferocious, churning and freezing water below her kicking legs. The traditional method of using foreground, middle ground and background to fool the viewer into believing an object is larger than it actually is, was used throughout the film along with the horizontal, wide screens and vertical shots to create atmosphere. Perhaps the most atmospheric device Cameron used was the music and sound effects, without which the film would not seem as intense, action packed or emotional. He used a wide variety of Irish and country music typical of the era in which the film is set to portray the large number of Irish passengers travelling in third class to America, to seek a better life there. Cameron wanted to show how strong this community was by convincing the audience that no matter how poor the conditions were on the third class decks, it was still possible to have fun. He did this by showing a scene in which Rose (a first class passenger) goes below decks to a third class passenger party as guest of Jack. She soon finds that there is no need for money to enjoy them self as the roar of the Irish jig and the lively atmosphere sweeps her into the mass of dancing bodies. The theme of the music is continued throughout the film but the tempo, style or rhythm is changed. Celine Dion had the hit single My heart will go on is famous for the scene in which Jack and Rose are standing on the front of the ship; Jack behind Rose holding out her arms to make her feel like she is flying. This signifying the bonding between the two lovers and their trust. The costumes also contributed towards the meaning of the film as they reflected class division in the era in which the disaster of Titanic took place. There was a pronounced division between first class and third class passengers. Therefore the difference between the main characters was very obvious Jack was third class and Rose was first class. The costumes were accurately researched for the wealthy people of that period. For example, the first class wore colourful bright and clean clothes, which were changed each day. They had such luxuries, as smart dresses, suits and maids to dress them, whereas the third class did not even own the soap to wash with and dressed in dirty drab torn clothes. The comparison between the two is very prominent when Rose joins the third class party below decks as she is in clean, clothing and the other passengers are in dark, melancholy colours. This would suggest Rose is better off than they are and perhaps brought up better, but this is proven not to be so when she joins the lads in a beer and proves she is not just an upper classed snob. James Cameron showed the differences between the classes continuously throughout the film from the opening scene of Jack and a friend gambling for their ticket on the ship compared to Rose arriving by motor car, well dressed with servants to carry every thing for her. Once on board the ship is divided in to different sections for the classes, third not allowed to enter 1st class areas. This is shown when a porter is walking a dog belonging to a first class passenger, and he takes it to the third class decks to let it go to the toilet. An Irish friend of Jacks makes the comment that it is typical that they get treated like that. Perhaps the worst comparison made between the classes is when the ship has hit the ice burg and is rapidly sinking. The lower decks are flooding and the third class passengers are locked down there to stop them from getting in the life boats before the first class passengers have got in. This is a sad prospect that humans could do that to one another. This is now open to debate by historians as to weather it really happened that way. Again Cameron used the key elements of a film angles, lighting and sound to make the sinking of the ship as realistic and horrific as possible. The viewer does not gain an idea of how huge the ship is until a long shot is used as the ship is going down. As all the life boats row away and people jump in to the water u can really see the true size of Titanic-the unsinkable ship of dreams. Cameron managed to link the lighting to the beats and thrills of the music building a climax and sense of fear and evasion. The cool lighting used in the scenes after the tragedy created a sad blue and cold atmosphere, which follows on to Rose, as an old lady, revisiting the memories. This created a stark contrast to her dream that night of revisiting the ship of dreams as a warm friendly glow is created with soft angelic lighting. The theme tune is slowed down and Rose appears, surrounded by her friends family and loved ones. A panning shot curves round the room in which she and Jack first met to reveal the smiling applauding faces. Soft lighting combined with the music symbolises happiness and purity suggesting that Rose, as an old lady fell asleep and died in her dreams that night, a happy contented woman, having returned the heart of the ocean.